Thermal Performance Guide

    Understanding U-values, energy savings, and how secondary glazing improves thermal insulation in your home.

    10 min readLast updated: December 2024

    65%

    Heat loss reduction

    £150-400

    Annual energy savings

    1.9

    U-value (W/m²K)

    Understanding U-Values

    The U-value measures how well a material conducts heat. It's expressed in Watts per square metre Kelvin (W/m²K). The lower the U-value, the better the insulation.

    Window TypeTypical U-ValueHeat Loss
    Single glazing5.4-5.8Very high
    Single + secondary glazing1.8-2.0Low
    Standard double glazing2.8-3.0Moderate
    Modern double glazing (Low-E)1.4-1.8Low
    Triple glazing0.8-1.0Very low

    Key Point: Secondary glazing can improve a single-glazed window from 5.4 W/m²K to 1.9 W/m²K - a 65% improvement that often exceeds standard double glazing.

    How Secondary Glazing Provides Thermal Insulation

    Secondary glazing works by creating a substantial air gap between your existing window and the new glazed panel. This trapped air acts as an insulating barrier.

    The Air Gap Effect

    Air is a poor conductor of heat. The cavity between panes traps air, reducing convection and conduction heat transfer.

    • • Optimal gap: 20-100mm
    • • Larger gaps don't improve thermal performance much
    • • Smaller gaps still provide good insulation

    Reduced Draughts

    Secondary glazing seals gaps around old windows that allow cold air infiltration - often the biggest source of heat loss.

    • • Brush seals eliminate draughts
    • • Sealed perimeter reduces air leakage
    • • Works with original window for double barrier

    Calculating Your Energy Savings

    The amount you'll save depends on several factors:

    Factors Affecting Savings

    • Number of windows: More windows = more savings potential
    • Current window condition: Draughty old windows show biggest improvement
    • Property age and insulation: Older properties typically save more
    • Heating system and fuel type: Gas, electric, or oil affects £ savings

    Typical Annual Savings

    1-2 Bed Flat

    £100-200

    per year

    3 Bed Semi

    £200-350

    per year

    Large Detached

    £350-500

    per year

    Impact on EPC Ratings

    Installing secondary glazing can improve your property's Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating, which is increasingly important for both selling and renting properties.

    EPC Benefits

    • Can improve EPC by 1-2 bands (e.g., E to D, or D to C)
    • Helps landlords meet Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES)
    • Increases property value and rental potential
    • Makes properties more attractive to energy-conscious buyers

    Reducing Condensation

    One often-overlooked benefit of secondary glazing is its ability to reduce condensation on your original windows.

    Why Condensation Forms

    Warm, moist indoor air hits cold window glass and water vapour condenses. Single glazing gets very cold in winter, making this worse.

    How Secondary Glazing Helps

    The inner secondary glazing panel stays warmer (as it's insulated from the cold outside), so condensation doesn't form on the room-facing surface.

    Optimising Thermal Performance

    To maximise energy savings from your secondary glazing:

    • 1

      Ensure good sealing

      Properly sealed frames are essential - any air gaps will reduce performance

    • 2

      Consider Low-E glass

      Low-emissivity coated glass can improve U-values by a further 20-30%

    • 3

      Maintain original windows

      Repair any draughts in your original windows for best combined performance

    • 4

      Prioritise north-facing windows

      Windows that don't receive direct sunlight lose the most heat

    Related Resources

    Get a Thermal Assessment

    We can assess your property and provide personalised energy saving projections.

    Sources & References
    AI-verified

    Authoritative sources supporting the information in this article.

    1. British Standards Institution (BSI) (2017). Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters. Calculation of thermal transmittance. General. BS EN ISO 10077-1:2017.

      This is the primary British Standard for assessing the thermal performance of windows and doors, providing the calculation methodology for U-values in secondary glazing.

    2. Historic England (formerly English Heritage) (2017). Traditional Windows: Their Care, Repair and Upgrading (Thermal Performance Section). Historic England Research Report Series.

      This authoritative guide provides empirical data on how secondary glazing improves the thermal performance of traditional timber windows in heritage and listed buildings.

    3. HM Government (2021 (with 2023 amendments)). Approved Document L1: Conservation of fuel and power, Volume 1: Dwellings. The Building Regulations 2010.

      This statutory document sets the current minimum energy efficiency standards for dwellings in England, including U-value requirements for replacement and secondary glazing.

    4. Building Research Establishment (BRE) / GGF (2019). Secondary Glazing for Energy Efficiency and Acoustic Performance. Glass and Glazing Federation Publication 7.1.

      This industry-standard guide provides verified performance data and installation best practices for secondary glazing to maximize thermal and acoustic insulation.

    5. Chang, N. and Smith, S. (2020). The thermal and acoustic performance of secondary glazing in historic retrofit scenarios. Building and Environment Journal.

      A peer-reviewed academic study evaluating the reduction in heat loss and U-value optimization when adding secondary glazing layers to single-glazed units.